A Randomised Controlled Phase 1 Study of Vaccine Therapy for Control or Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Prophylactic immunisation with HBsAg-based vaccines leads to development of HBsAg antibodies that provide protection against HBV infection. Modern HBV vaccines are based on recombinant HBsAg produced by expression in yeast expression systems. For infants whose mothers are HBsAg positive, the first HBV vaccine dose is given at birth and three further doses are administrated during the following 12 months at 2, 4 and 6 or 12 months. Studies have shown that these HBV vaccines are 90 to 95% effective in preventing children from developing chronic infection if they have not yet been infected. Since 1982 over one billion doses of HBV vaccine have been used worldwide. However a number of groups have poor responses to the existing HBV vaccines and these include older adults (age \> 40) and patients with immunodeficiency, diabetes or renal impairment. A pilot clinical study demonstrated that standard anti-HBV vaccination could reduce HBV replication in 50% of chronic carriers. A multicentre trial, showed both the efficacy and the limitations of this approach. This study included 118 treatment-naive patients, with detectable serum HBV DNA using a standard liquid hybridization study and biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis pre-vaccination. Over a 12-month period, they were given either five intradermal injections of 20 µg of a pre S2:S HBV vaccine (GenHevac B.Pasteur-Merieux) or a standard HBV vaccine (Recombivax, MSD) or no treatment. Three months after the first three vaccine injections, the percentage of serum HBV DNA negativity was higher in the vaccine groups (15.5%) than in the control group (2.7%). After 1 year follow-up and five vaccine injections, there was no difference in the rate of serum HBV DNA negativity, but those receiving HBV vaccines had significantly decreased HBV viral load between 6 and 12 months when compared to the control group. The rate of HBe:anti-HBe seroconversion did not differ between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, but early HBeAg negativity and anti-HBe detection after 6 months of follow-up was seen only in vaccinated patients (8 and 15% in groups B (Recombivax.) and C (GenHevac B.), respectively, compared with 0% in the controls). Analysis of the vaccine-induced immune responses in 40 patients with HBV chronic hepatitis during this vaccine trial showed that vaccination elicited T cell proliferative responses in 7 of 27 patients who received the vaccine versus none of the unvaccinated control group. These specific responses for envelope antigen were mediated by CD4 T cells that produced high levels of gamma interferon. The reduction of serum HBV-DNA in some of these patients suggests that induction of CD4 T cell responses could be important in controlling viremia after vaccine therapy of HBV chronic carriers.

Experiments in transgenic mice that constitutively express HBV in the liver as a model of asymptomatic chronic HBV carriers have shown that immunization can overcome functional tolerance to HBV by inducing a specific antiviral immune response. The study vaccine was tested for its ability to induce seroconversion in a HBV transgenic mouse model. The results confirmed that the vaccine induced a high titre of anti-HBsAg antibodies and suppressed HBV virus load in the liver. Importantly from a safety perspective no evidence of a flare in liver disease as reflected by elevation of liver functions tests, was seen despite evidence the vaccine suppressed liver virus. The vaccinated mice had the lowest levels of liver transaminases, consistent with the vaccine reducing virus-mediated damage to the liver.